ABSTRACT
RESUMEN El profesor José Ángel Bustamante O' Leary fue un eminente psiquiatra y psicólogo cubano. El presente trabajo tiene como objetivo lograr un acercamiento a la vida y obra de este incansable médico que se dedicó, hasta pocos días antes de su muerte, a brindar sus conocimientos para la formación de los profesionales de la psiquiatría cubana y Latinoamericana. Se realizó una investigación de su trayectoria revolucionaria, académica, científica y asistencial. Los actuales médicos y especialmente los psiquiatras defienden con orgullo los aportes de este consagrado científico en la lucha por la salud mental y el bienestar de los pacientes (AU).
SUMMARY Professor José Ángel Bustamante O' Leary was an eminent Cuban psychiatrist and psychologist. This work is aimed to approaching life and work of this tireless doctor, who devoted himself and his knowledge to the training of Cuban and Latin American professionals of Psychiatry until a few days before his death. The authors researched his revolutionary, academic, scientific and welfare trajectory. Current physicians, especially current psychiatrists proudly defend the contribution of this consecrated scientist to the fight for the mental health and well-being of the patients (AU).
Subject(s)
Humans , Male , Psychiatry/history , Psychology/history , Biography , History of Medicine , Reference Books, Medical , History, 20th Century , Scientific DomainsABSTRACT
Resumo Discute-se a difusão das práticas de parto natural por meio da análise dos livros Parto natural: guia para os futuros pais, escrito pelo obstetra americano Frederick Goodrich Jr. em 1950 e publicado no Brasil a partir de 1955, e Parto natural sem dor, escrito pelo obstetra brasileiro George Beutner, em 1962. Ambos tiveram boa entrada na cultura brasileira e influenciaram a forma de pensar o parto e de parir, tanto no âmbito da obstetrícia brasileira como no que concerne às representações das mulheres. A partir das contribuições de Roger Chartier e das concepções sobre medicalização, concluímos que essas novas práticas de preparação do parto compartilhavam as visões médicas sobre o parto e o nascimento predominantes no período.
Abstract The article explores the dissemination of natural childbirth practices through an analysis of the books Parto natural: guia para os futuros pais, written by U.S. obstetrician Frederick Goodrich Jr. in 1950, under the title Natural Childbirth: a manual for expectant parents, and first published in Brazil in 1955, and of Parto natural sem dor, written by Brazilian obstetrician Beutner in 1962. Both books found a place in Brazilian culture and influenced thinking about childbirth and delivery in the field of Brazilian obstetrics and in representations of women. Based on Roger Chartier's contributions and on concepts of medicalization, we conclude that these new practices for childbirth preparation shared the period's prevalent medical views of childbirth and delivery.
Subject(s)
Humans , Female , Pregnancy , History, 20th Century , Prenatal Care , Delivery, Obstetric/history , Natural Childbirth/history , Reference Books, Medical , Brazil , Parturition , Medicalization/history , Obstetrics/historyABSTRACT
Resumo O artigo traz reflexões em torno da autoria científica do doutor Chernoviz a partir de seu Dicionário de medicina popular, com seis edições entre 1842 e 1890. Na primeira seção do texto discute-se a inserção de Chernoviz nos regimes de autoria científica vigentes no campo médico carioca. Em seguida, analisam-se os argumentos desenvolvidos pelo autor para justificar a publicação de um livro de vulgarização da ciência médica num momento em que o campo médico militava pela exclusividade do exercício da medicina. Por fim, sugerem-se novos sentidos em torno da autoria científica de Chernoviz a partir das constatações dos usos e das leituras do Dicionário por parte de um público de iniciados.
Abstract This article reflects on the scientific authorship of Pedro Luiz Napoleão Chernoviz, based on his Dicionário de medicina popular, which was published in six editions between 1842 and 1890. The first part of the text discusses Chernoviz's position within the regimes of scientific authorship which were present in the medical community in Rio de Janeiro. Next, we analyze the author's arguments justifying a text that popularized medical science while this field strove for exclusivity in the practice of medicine. Finally, we suggest new meanings around Chernoviz's scientific authorship based on how the Dicionário was used and read by an initiated public.
Subject(s)
History, 19th Century , Reference Books, Medical , Authorship/history , Poland , BrazilABSTRACT
Qumazi is a commonly used Tibetan medicine. With a long history, it can be found in the Four Medical Tantras written by gYu-thog rNying-ma Yon-tan mGon-po since the 8th century AD. Qumazi grows in mudflats and fields, including species growing in highlands, lowlands, mountains and farmlands. According to records in Crystal Beads Materia Medica, it features green sword-shaped leaves, thin stems with red veins, inserted panicles, white chicken-like flowers and copper needle row-like roots. However, there are many inconsistent morphological descriptions for Qumazi plants in many Chinese versions of Tibetan medicine books. In this article, after studying ancient and modern Tibetan medicine books, consulting experts and conducting surveys, the authors confirmed that Qumazi belongs to Rheum of Polygonaceae, including Rheum nobile Hook. f. et. Thoms, R. globulosum Gage, R. alexandrae Hook. f. et. Thoms, R. pumilum Maxim and R. delavayi Franch. In some regions, Qumazi is substituted by R. spiciforme Royle and R. przewalskyi Losinsk. After the Chinese version of Qinghai-Tibet Plateau Drug Illustrations was published in 1972, Qumazi has been miswritten as P. sibiricum Laxm in many Chinese versions of Tibetan medicine books, perhaps because P. sibiricum Laxm has many similar features with Qumazi as described in Crystal Beads Materia Medica and then is mistranslated from Tibetan to Chinese versions. According to records, Qumazi can reduce edema and is mainly applied to treat the minamata disease in clinic.
Subject(s)
China , History, Ancient , Medicine, Tibetan Traditional , History , Plants, Medicinal , Chemistry , Polygonaceae , Chemistry , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
Ye Feng composed what was to become one of the most famous and widely-circulating medical works of the late imperial period, the Treatise on Easy Childbirth(1715). Ye Feng proposed the idea of natural childbirth, When the correct moment for birth had arrived, the child would leave its mother's body as easily as "a ripe melon drops from the stem". He argued attempts to facilitate birth were therefore not only unnecessary, and female midwives artificial intervention was not required. However, this view is to overlook the pangs of childbirth, and women bear responsibility for the failure of delivery. So his views reflect the gender order in male-dominated. Also he constructed the negative image of the midwife and belittle her childbirth techniques. As a result, midwife are excluded from the childbirth field, male doctors grasp guardianship rights of the female body. Ye Feng declared that the key to safe and successful delivery could be summed up in just a few words: "sleep, endure the pain, delay approaching the birthing tub". This view must be consistent with the Confucian norms, women to export to equip the 'patience' and 'self-control'. These norms were exposed desire men want to monitor and control the female body, effect on consolidation of patriarchal family order. In sum, the discourse of "a ripe melon drops from the stem" and "sleep, endure the pain, delay approaching the birthing tub" comprised an important intellectual resource that male doctors drew on to legitimate themselves as superior overseers of women's gestational bodies.
Subject(s)
Female , Humans , Pregnancy , China , Confucianism , Delivery, Obstetric/history , History, 18th Century , Midwifery/history , Natural Childbirth/history , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
This article aimed to explain the reasons why Asian spices including pepper, ginger, and cinnamon were considered as special and valuable drugs with curative powers in the Medieval Europe. Among these spices, pepper was most widely and frequently used as medicine according to medieval medical textbooks. We analyzed three main pharmacology books written during the Middle Ages. One of the main reasons that oriental spices were widely used as medicine was due to the particular medieval medical system fundamentally based on the humoral theory invented by Hippocrates and Galen. This theory was modified by Arab physicians and imported to Europe during the Middle Ages. According to this theory, health is determined by the balance of the following four humors which compose the human body: blood, yellow bile, black bile, and phlegm. Each humor has its own qualities such as cold, hot, wet, and dry. Humoral imbalance was one of the main causes of disease, so it was important to have humoral equilibrium. Asian spices with hot and dry qualities were used to balance the cold and wet European diet. The analysis of several major medical textbooks of the Middle Ages proves that most of the oriental spices with hot and dry qualities were employed to cure diverse diseases, particularly those caused by coldness and humidity. However, it should be noted that the oriental spices were considered to be much more valuable and effective as medicines than the local medicinal ingredients, which were not only easily procured but also were relatively cheap. Europeans mystified oriental spices, with the belief that they have marvelous and mysterious healing powers. Such mystification was related to the terrestrial Paradise. They believed that the oriental spices were grown in Paradise which was located in the Far East and were brought to the Earthly world along the four rivers flowing from the Paradise.
Subject(s)
Humans , Asia , Europe , History, Medieval , Phytotherapy/history , Reference Books, Medical , Spices/history , Textbooks as Topic/historyABSTRACT
An accurate location of acupoint is one of the key factors for improving clinical therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion. From the theoretical basis, operation method, principle discussion and clinical application, the clinical practicability of the two-step location method of acupoint in Internal Canon of Medicine is discussed. This two-step location method is in accord with the original connotation of acupoint, and focuses on the function state of acupoint. As is suggested in clinical researches, the acupoint location that is acquired by using the two-step location method, as a treated area, could obviously improve the therapeutic effect of acupuncture and moxibustion. Therefore, the two-step location method of acupoint in Internal Canon of Medicine should be considered as guideline of clinical acupoint location.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture , History , Acupuncture Points , China , History, Medieval , Medicine in Literature , Meridians , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
Post-marketing pharmacovigilance of drugs has become one of the most important activities for regulatory authorities. In China, pharmacovigilance is currently receiving the attention of government, pharmaceutical industries and the public. In order to support high quality pharmacoepidemiological studies and to stimulate innovation that benefits patients and the wider public, the European medicines agency (EMA) organized the European network of centres for pharmacoepidemiology and pharmacovigilance (ENCePP) to formulate and publish the Guide on Methodological Standards in Pharmacoepidemiology as a reference document for the methodological standards of pharmacovigilance activities in the European union (EU). It supplies methodological and scientific guidance, and advises on technical aspects of conducting parmacoepidemiological studies and undertaking parmacovigilance. As advice includes: legal and ethical requirements, general aspects of study protocols, research questions, approaches to data collection, study designs and methods, statistical and epidemiological analysis plans, quality control and quality assurance, reporting of adverse events to regulatory authorities, communication of findings, and so on. The translation and introduction of this guidance can provide a useful technical and methodological reference for us to carry out the pharmacovigilance (especially for parenterally administered Chinese medicine safety monitoring).
Subject(s)
Humans , Guidelines as Topic , Pharmacoepidemiology , Methods , Reference Standards , Pharmacovigilance , Reference Books, Medical , TranslatingABSTRACT
Based on comprehensive arrangement and analysis of edition origin and development, system, characteristic, archive holding situation of Zhenjiu Fengyuan (Source of Acupuncture and Moxibustion writlen) by LI Xue-chuan in Qing dynasty, the error and mistakes in Summary of TCM Ancient books in China, Union Catalog of TCM Books and Grand Chinese Dictionary of Medical Books are pointed out. On the other hand, under full evaluation and comparison among three types of block-printed editions, Dihua Caotang edition in 2 years of Daoguang emperor, Qing Dynasty (about 1822) that is collected in the library of Beijing University of CM is considered as good edition.
Subject(s)
Humans , Acupuncture , Education , History , Books , History , China , History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Moxibustion , History , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
Recently the safety of Heshouwu become a focus, but the reasons of its hepotoxicity are confused. On the basis of literature research, some findings on species and usage custom maybe supply some clues to explain the reasons of its hepotoxicity. Heshouwu had red Heshouwu (male) and white Heshouwu (female) in ancient literature, and traditional usage was use of the male and female together. The Latin name of red Heshouwu is Fallopia multiflora, and that of the white one is F. multiflora var. multiflora.
Subject(s)
Humans , China , Drugs, Chinese Herbal , Pharmacology , Germ Cells, Plant , History, 15th Century , History, Ancient , History, Medieval , Polygonaceae , Chemistry , Classification , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
Un principio básico para cualquier institución de información que desee implementar ofertas en el espacio virtual debe ser considerar los retos que imponen las tecnologías de la información y particularmente la filosofía 2, 0. El servicio de referencia virtual no es ajeno a esta problemática; por eso este artículo describe los riesgos y oportunidades que representan para esta oferta estos cambios tecnológicos, fundamentalmente por la irrupción de la llamada Referencia Social. De igual forma el trabajo aborda algunos ejemplos de servicios basados en referencia social, nacidos fuera del marco de las tradicionales instituciones de información y las premisas que han de observar los de referencia virtual para que se renueven y puedan continuar siendo una de las vías para la satisfacción de las demandas formativas e informativas de la comunidad usuaria
To take into account the challenges imposed by the information technologies and particularly, the philosophy 2, 0, must to be a basic principle for any offer that information institutions want to implement in the virtual space. Reference service has to do with this problem, thus present communication describes the risks and chances representing for this offer the technological changes, mainly due to the invasion of the so called social reference. Likewise, the communication approach some examples of services on the base of social reference born outside of the frame of the traditional information institutions and the premises that must to be observed those of virtual reference for its renewal and may to continue being one of the routes for meeting of formative and informative demands of users
Subject(s)
Reference Books, Medical , Information Products and ServicesABSTRACT
To review literature for ancient medical text in Persian language. 350 medical books and texts in Persian language were identified and reviewed. Of these, 40 manuscripts were about general health and safety affairs. These further examined to explore the topic. In general there were two categories of manuscripts: 1.Manuscripts that authors' name or the date of its publication were known. Topics included individual health, brushing, umblical cord cutting, breast feeding, etc. 2. Manuscripts that authors' name or the date of its publication were unknown. Topics included eating and drinking, food water, sence and move, weather, etc. The Old Iranian literature is a very rich source for topics in health and medicine and it deserves further examin
Subject(s)
Manuscripts as Topic/history , Persia , Language , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
<p><b>UNLABELLED</b>To carry out the " China Medicinal Animal Fauna" addenda and revision, with effective assessment, protection, utilization of medicinal animal resources, to promote sustainable modem research and application for medicinal animals and medical materials from animals.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>Keep the original "China Medicinal Animal Fauna" characteristics and peculiarities, combined with nearly 30-year research progress of zoology and medicinal animals, and author's long-standing and rich experience.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>Develop the addenda's general framework, addenda and revision contents, revision methods and technical routes of the "China Medicinal Animal Fauna".</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>Based on the research of medicinal animal resource system, fully use of modern molecular biology and other emerging science and technology, rich the scientific connotation of medicinal material from animal, will promote the research and use of medical material from animal to a new level.</p>
Subject(s)
Animals , China , Eukaryota , Chemistry , Classification , Genetics , Medicine, Chinese Traditional , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
During the XVIII century, two Spanish scientific expeditions arrived here led, respectively, by the naturalist Martín Sessé and by the Italian mariner Alessandro Malaspina di Mulazzo, dependent from the Spanish Government. The members collected a rich scientific material, which was carried to Madrid in 1820. At the end of XVIII century, the Franciscan friar Juan Navarro depicted and described several Mexican medicinal plants in the fifth volume of his "American Garden". In the last years of the Colonial period, fundamental works of Humboldt and Bonpland, on the geographic distribution of the American plants, were published. At the end of the XIX century, the first researches on the Mexican medicinal botany were performed at the laboratory of the "Instituto Médico Nacional" under the leadership of doctor Fernando Altamirano, starting pharmacological studies in our country. During the first half of the XX century, trials of cardiovascular pharmacology were performed in the small laboratories of the cardiological unit at the General Hospital of Mexico, due to doctor Ignacio Chávez, initiative. Mexican botanical-pharmacological tradition remains alive and vigorous in the modern scientific institutes of the country.
Subject(s)
History, 18th Century , History, 19th Century , Plants, Medicinal , Phytotherapy , Mexico , Reference Books, Medical , SpainABSTRACT
King Jungjo who introduced the advent of cultural renaissance of Chosun Dynasty as little been known about his work in medicine. With a wide knowledge in medicine, he was the only one among the kings who wrote a book on medicine, called "SueMinMyoJeon". In this paper, his perspective on medicine will be looked into based on "The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty", "Seungjeongwon Ilgi", "Hong Je jun Se", "KukGoBoGam", "Ildkrok", "JeJungShinPyun", "SueMinMyoJeon" etc. King Jungo valued empiricism in the field of medicine. He deepened understandings in medicine while taking care of King Youngjo, the late king. And it led him to author "SueMinMyoJeon" himself, and further ordered the publications of "JeJungShinPyun" "MaGuaHeoiTong". These two books were conducted to include empirical cases of folklore remedy. King Jungjo's medical philosophy can be epitomized in filial piety and realization of people-serving politics, which are the essentials of Confucianism. His filial piety towards the late king, Youngjo and his mother is shown in his devotion when taking care of them. Especially the way he examined the differentiation of diseases and corresponding treatments is well described in "The Annals of the Chosun Dynasty". "JeJungShinPyun" was also published and it came handy for folk villagers in times of medical needs. Later this book influenced "BangYakHaepPyun" by Hwang Do Yeon. King Jungjo emphasized pragmatism in spreading medical knowledges, thus removing the theoretical contents that are related to Taoism, especially the ones on alchemy from "DongEuiBoGam", when publishing "SueMinMyoJeon". Even the excerpts from "SoMun" were taken out, if not practical. King Jungjo, however, discussed the importance of healthy regimen and mentioned himself practicing it from the book "IlDeukLok", which seems to be the only book that derailed from the pragmatistic track. King Jungjo put emphasis on consistency between diagnosis and treatment. In diagnosing, Meridian pulse was taken important as a means of finding the origin of disease, while deploring how doctors then neglected to study.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 18th Century , Korea , Medicine, Korean Traditional/history , Philosophy, Medical/history , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
Scientific data is the source of innovation in knowledge. In order to change the situation that there is few information in plenty of data and to obtain useful knowledge which has high information content, it is necessary to clean data and ensure data's accuracy and without noise off when database is established initially. High-quality data comes from high-quality data source. But incomplete and incorrect and irregular data exist widely in the data source of Chinese materia medica. The phenomenon of synonyms and homonym is quite serious, and there is no unified description for the name and origin of Chinese materia medica among different data sources. So data processing including data analysis and research is very important in the establishment of Chinese materia medica database. In order to get the most accurate and standard data, this paper analyzed the items of Medical Plants in Xiandai Bencao Gangmu, including classification analysis of medical plants: distribution analysis of different classes and analysis of medical part; analysis of synonyms and homonym; analysis of incorrect data and analysis of advantage and disadvantage of data sources.
Subject(s)
Materia Medica , Classification , Plants, Medicinal , Classification , Reference Books, Medical , Terminology as TopicABSTRACT
Donguibogam, literally meaning "Principles and Practice of Eastern Medicine"), is an encyclopedic bible of medical knowledge and treatment techniques compiled in Korea in 1613. Despites of some important research for the Naeuiwonja, they could not identify Naeuiwonja's name & administrative organ which made the Naeuiwonja (Korean old movable wooden types), yet. And they could not clear identify the fact what is Naeuiwonja, because their survey is lacking in the investigation about a woodblock-printed book one by one. This survey mainly involves with Naeuiwonja, including Donguibogam is written by Heojun, to make clear the activities of Naeuiwon in the 17th-century. And it seems to offer a very important clue about that problems we have to solve. As well as Donguibogam was involved in the printing process, it is expected to enhance the accuracy and reliability of the medical book that is written by Naeuiwon.
Subject(s)
Humans , History, 17th Century , Korea , Reference Books, MedicalABSTRACT
<p><b>OBJECTIVE</b>To investigate the purification process of total flavones and total tannins from Apocynum venetum leaves with macroreticular resin.</p><p><b>METHOD</b>The static capacity absorption, dynamic absorption ratio and dynamic elution ratio of different types of macroreticular resins were studied and compared in order to find the best one among the eight macroreticular resins, and the technical process of the type of HPD-400 type macroreticular resin was studied in detail.</p><p><b>RESULT</b>The type of HPD-400 type macroreticular resin showed the best comprehensive absorption property with the following technological conditions: the current velocity was 1 BV x h(-1), the volume of distilled water was 2 BV, the eluting reagent was 60% ethanol, and the volume of 60% ethanol was 3 BV.</p><p><b>CONCLUSION</b>The purity of total flavones and total tannins in the product is up to 80% after purified with HPD-400 macroreticular resin. Therefore, this purification process is feasible.</p>